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Archiver > Beara > 2002-04 > 1018562910


From: "William H. Mulligan, Jr" <>
Subject: Re: Beara-D Digest V02 #56 Message from Cindy S
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 2002 17:08:30 -0500


The 1870s were definitely not the time of Cromwell -- he was active in
the late 1640s and 1650s. The Black and Tans were between W.W.I and the
Treaty of 1921, pretty much limited to the Irish War for Independence and
unrelated to Cromwell. Emigration with a price on one's head in the 1870s is
more likely related to activities of the Fenians or the Land League. You
might contact Brian McGee, archivist at the Cork Archives Institute, about
arrest warrants. His email is I'd also recommend a history
of Ireland to get a sense of the country's history.
I am curious what you mean by "bonded persons." I've done research on
the Irish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan for ten years and have never
seen the term. The mining companies and the railroads did not used
indentured, or other bound, laborers to my knowledge, and I have been
through their records, in fact bound labor of all kinds was obsolete outside
the slaveholding states long before 1870.
L'Anse was not in the copper or iron mining districts and by 1870 was
more a lumber and railroad town than anything else.

Bill Mulligan






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