Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-G-L Archives

Archiver > Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-G > 2008-07 > 1216642686


From: Kayhan <>
Subject: Re: [Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-G] Need Help: Haplogroup G2
Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2008 05:18:06 -0700 (PDT)
In-Reply-To: <bee.2b6b5045.35b49a69@aol.com>


The following is a non-professional summarized view of the whole thing as I see it.

Human body, as all of the living, is made of cells. Each cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as one from each parent. Each cromosome is made of very long sequence of 4 building blocks (nucleotides) A, C, T, and G. You can think of this as a 4 letter alphabet. The order of these 4 letters is very important in determining main functions of the cell. A very long word made of these letters (nucleotides) is called a gene which determines many things about our body including hair, skin color etc. There are several tens of thousands of human genes, each for a specific function.

A little bit of very surprising thing here. There are 20 main proteins that are to be produced from the DNA. When these proteins are to be produced, the long chain of A,C, G and Ts are decoded 3 by 3. This is equivalent to answering the following question : If you have to form at least 20 words out of 4 letters, what is the minimum length of each word. This is simply the permutation of P4^3 = 4!/(4-3)! = 24 which is at least 20. The body does exactly this, it decodes the long string as 3 letter words to decide on which protein to produce. A somehow not so simple level of math (permutations) goes at the biological cell level .

When cells are copied, an A can be mistakenly copied as T, or an C as T or else. This is called a mutation, it is extremely rare, in Genetic Terminology, it is called SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). Our G man had this M201 about over a ten thousand year ago. All of the Gs in the world currently, which I think is about 20-30 million people or more (just guessing here) are the descendants of this single man, therefore carrying this single mutation as the basis and there are further SNPs to split Gs into subgroups.

Then there is the more fequent errors in copying a sequence of A,C,G and Ts. For example, the DYS390 pattern is a sequence of A,C,G and Ts, and instead of copying it say 21 times, it may be copied as 22 times in the new cell. This is called STRs (Short Tandem Repeat) and shows more recent ancestors as it happens more frequently. And also, all of this goes on in the Y chromosome, usually in the uncoded region to give the Y-haplogroups.


K. Erciyes


--- On Sun, 7/20/08, <> wrote:

> From: <>
> Subject: [Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-G] Need Help: Haplogroup G2
> To:
> Cc:
> Date: Sunday, July 20, 2008, 6:40 AM
> Dear Friends,
> I am new to this list. Be aware that I am neither a
> geneticist nor a
> scientist, but I am a businessman who has a hard time
> understanding most of the
> posts on this list. I had my DNA tested for National
> Geographic’s “Genograhic
> Project.” Let me give you the results, then I have a
> question.
> My Genographic Project results say I belong to Haplogroup
> G2, carrying the
> following Y-chromosome markers: M168 > M89 > M201
> > P15
> Furthermore it says my Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)/Loci
> are as follows:
> 14/393; 14/19; 10/391; 11/439; 12/389-1; 17/389-2;
> 13/388; 22/390; 11/426;
> 15/385a; 15/385b; and 11/392. Believe me when I say I can
> partially understand the
> Mutations (M), but have absolutely no understanding of
> STRs and Loci or what
> they mean. One of the problems one gets from National
> Geographic’s “
> Genograhic Project” is that its very generic, doesn’t
> explain most of the
> terminology used and the haplogroup G2 just “stops” in
> Greece.
> Project: My grandson will belong to the same Haplogroup
> with the same
> markers. I am trying to write a paper which explains his
> “Genetic History” and the
> geographic migration of his G2 haplogroup over the last
> 60,000 years for my
> 15-year old grandson. In order for it to be somewhat
> interesting to him I am
> trying, with minimal success, to put as much in laymen’s
> language as is
> possible.
> QUESTION: Based on my G2 haplogroup, Y-chromosome makers,
> STRs and Loci does
> anyone of website(s) where I might go to get an
> explanation of its “Genetic
> History” and geographic migration through time, from
> inception to today. I
> am not looking for a 100-page professional scientific
> article on the subject,
> rather a 15 page explanation and description of our
> haplogroups Genetic
> History and geographic migration. Any suggestions would be
> deeply appreciated!
> Respectfully,
> Jim Forcum
>
>
>
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